Kulaylaha Bari ee Waqooyiga Baasifigga (ETNP) waa aagga ugu yar ee ogsijiinta (OMZ) oo weyn, joogto ah, oo xoojinaysa ku dhawaad kala badh bedka guud ee OMZ-yada caalamiga ah. Gudaha OMZ xudunta (~ 350-700 m qoto dheer), ogsajiinta kala diri waxay caadi ahaan ku dhowdahay ama ka hooseysaa xadka ogaanshaha falanqaynta ee dareemayaasha casriga ah (~ 10 nM). Heerarka hawada sare ee ogsijiinta ee korka iyo ka hooseeya xudunta OMZ waxay horseed u tahay qaabaynta toosan ee bulshooyinka microbial-ka kuwaas oo sidoo kale ku kala duwan inta u dhaxaysa jajabyada cabbirka-la-xidhiidha (PA) iyo noolasha xorta ah (FL). Halkan, waxaan isticmaalnaa 16S amplicon sequencing (iTags) si loo falanqeeyo kala duwanaanshaha iyo qaybinta dadka prokaryotic ee u dhexeeya FL iyo jajabyada cabbirka PA iyo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee xaaladaha redox-ga. Xaaladaha biyo-biyoodka ee aagga daraasaddayadu way ka duwan yihiin kuwii hore looga soo sheegay ETNP iyo OMZ-yada kale, sida ETSP. Raad uruurinta ogsijiinta (~ 0.35 μM) ayaa ku sugnaa dhammaan xudunta u ah OMZ goobtayada muunadeynta. Sidaa awgeed, ururinta nitrit-ka sida caadiga ah lagu soo warramey xudunta OMZ ayaa meesha ka maqneyd sida taxanaha bakteeriyada anammox (Brocadiales genus).MusharaxScalindua), kuwaas oo inta badan laga helo xuduudaha oxic-anoxic ee nidaamyada kale. Si kastaba ha noqotee, bakteeriyada ammonia-oxidizing (AOB) iyo archaea (AOA) qaybinta iyo heerka ugu sarreeya ee is-waafajinta kaarboonka (1.4 μM C d–1) oo ku beegan ugu badnaan fiirsashada ammonium-ka ee u dhow xagga sare ee xudunta OMZ. Intaa waxaa dheer, xubnaha genusNitrospina, Bakteeriyada nitrit-oxidizing-ka ugu badan (NOB) ayaa joogtay taasoo soo jeedinaysa in labadaba ammonia iyo nitrite oxidation ay ku dhacaan qiyaasta ogsijiinta. Falanqaynta tijaabada isku midka ah (ANOSIM) iyo Qiyaasta cabbirka aan-mitirka ahayn (nMDS) ayaa daaha ka qaaday in bakteeriyada iyo astaamaha phylogenetic ee qadiimiga ah ay si weyn uga duwan yihiin jajabyada cabbirka. Iyada oo ku saleysan astaamaha ANOSIM iyo iTag, isku dhafka PA assemblages ayaa saameyn yar ku yeeshay nidaamka biochemical-ku-tiirsanaanta qoto dheer ee jirta marka loo eego jajabka FL. Iyada oo ku saleysan joogitaanka AOA, NOB iyo raad ogsijiinta ee xudunta OMZ waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in nitrification waa hab firfircoon ee wareegga nitrogen ee gobolka this ee ETNP OMZ.
Hordhac
Iyada oo laga jawaabayo isbeddelka cimilada ee socda iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada deegaanka ee bini'aadamka, uruurinta oksijiinta kala diri ayaa hoos u dhacday badweynta furan iyo nidaamyada badda ee xeebaha (Breitburg iyo al., 2018). Qiyaasta luminta ogsajiinta ee ka timid badweynta furan 60kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa dhaaftay 2% (Schmidtko et al., 2017), abuurista walaac ku saabsan cawaaqibka balaadhinta aagga ogsajiinta-dhamaatay (Paulmier iyo Ruiz-Pino, 2009). Furan OMZ-yada badweynta marka wax soo saarka aasaasiga ah ee dusha sare uu kiciyo baahida ogsijiinta noolaha ee biyaha dhulka hoose ee ka sarreeya heerarka hawo-qaadista jirka ee qoto dheer. Heerarka ogsajiinta ee tiirarka biyaha OMZ waxay yeelan karaan gradients (oksijiin) sare iyo ka hooseeya xudunta oksijiin-dhamaystay ee abuuraysa hypoxic (sida caadiga ah inta u dhaxaysa 2 iyo ~ 90 μM), suboxic (<2 μM) iyo anoxic (ka hooseeya xadka ogaanshaha (~ 10 nM) lakabyada cabbirrada kala duwan (~ 10 nM)Bertagnolli iyo Stewart, 2018). Qaybaha ogsajiinta waxay horseedaan qaabdhismeedka toosan ee metazoan-ka iyo bulshooyinka microbial-ka iyo geeddi-socodka biochemical ee ay weheliyaan oksijiintan ballaaran (Belmar iyo al., 2011).
Qaar ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee luminta nitrogen ayaa lagu diiwaangeliyay OMZs ee kulaylaha Bari ee Waqooyiga Baasifigga (ETNP) iyo Koonfurta Baasifigga (ETSP) (Callbeck iyo al., 2017;Penn iyo al., 2019), Cariaco Basin si joogto ah loo habeeyey (Montes iyo al., 2013), Badda Carabta (Ward iyo al., 2009), iyo OMZ ee nidaamka kor u qaadista Benguela (Kuypers iyo al., 2005). Nidaamyadan, hababka microbial ee denitrification canonical (dhimista heterotrophic ee nitrate ilaa dhexdhexaad dhexdhexaad ah iyo inta badan gaasta dinitrogen) iyo anammox (oxidation anaerobic ammonium oxidation) waxay horseedaa khasaare nitrogen ah oo awood u leh inuu xaddido wax soo saarka aasaasiga ah (Ward iyo al., 2007). Waxaa intaa dheer, sii daynta oceanic nitrous oxide (gaas aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo awood leh) oo ka yimaada denitrification microbial ee ka dhaca OMZs ayaa lagu qiyaasaa inay ka dhigan tahay ugu yaraan saddex meelood meel meel qiiqa nitrous oxide ee caalamiga ah (Naqvi iyo al., 2010).
ETNP OMZ waa aagga ugu yar ee ogsijiinta oo weyn, joogto ah, oo xoojinaysa taas oo ka dhigan ku dhawaad kala badh bedka guud ee OMZ-yada caalamiga ah, waxa ay ku taallaa inta u dhaxaysa 0–25°N loolka iyo 75 iyo 180°W dhigu (Longitude)Paulmier iyo Ruiz-Pino, 2009;Schmidtko et al., 2017). Muhiimadda deegaankooda awgeed, bayoloji-chemistry-ga iyo kala duwanaanshaha microbial ee gobollada kala duwan ee ETNP OMZ ayaa si adag loo darsay (tusaale,Beman iyo Carolan, 2013;Duret iyo al., 2015;Ganesh iyo al., 2015;Chronopoulou iyo al., 2017;Xidhmada iyo al., 2015;Peng iyo al., 2015). Daraasadihii hore waxay soo sheegeen in oksijiinta kala diri ee xudunta OMZ (~ 250-750 m qoto dheer) ay caadi ahaan u dhowdahay ama ka hooseyso xadka ogaanshaha gorfaynta (~ 10 nM)Tiano iyo al., 2014;Garcia-Robledo iyo al., 2017). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhinaca waqooyi ee ETNP's OMZ (goobta daraasadda ~ 22°N) uruurinta ogsijiinta ee 500 m waxay gaari kartaa celceliska sanadlaha ah inta u dhaxaysa 10 iyo 20 μM (Paulmier iyo Ruiz-Pino, 2009; Xogta laga helay Badweynta Adduunka Atlas 2013)1. Intii lagu guda jiray ololihii goobta ee halkan lagu soo sheegay, waxaan ku cabirnay ogsijiinta xudunta u ah OMZ xadad ku filan (0.35 μM) si aan u taageerno hababka microbial aerobic, sida ammonium iyo nitrite oxidation, oo qayb ahaan la joojiyo hababka muhiimka ah ee anaerobic microbial. Nidaamyada microbial aerobic ayaa hore loogu ogaadey lakabyo u muuqda suboxic ama anxic ee ETNP OMZ (Peng iyo al., 2015;Garcia-Robledo iyo al., 2017;Penn iyo al., 2019). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrimaha xakameynaya qaybinta iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada kooxo gaar ah oo shaqaynaya ee noolaha OMZs ayaan weli si buuxda loo fahmin.
Joogitaanka nitrifiers halkaas oo ogsijiin aan la ogaan karin gudaha OMZ waxaa lagu sharxi karaa isbeddelada dhow ee booska tooska ah ee oxycline sababtoo ah hawo-qaadid toosan oo toos ah, taas oo u horseedi karta raad raac heerarka oksijiinta ee gudaha OMZ.Muller-Karger iyo al., 2001;Ulloa iyo al., 2012;Garcia-Robledo iyo al., 2017). Xaaladaha ku meel gaadhka ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka faa'iidaysan kara aerobic ama microaerophilic dadyowga, oo ay ku jiraan nitrifiers. Waxaa intaa dheer, qaybo ka mid ah xuubabka epipelagic-ka (unugyada la isku daray, saxarada saxarada, iyo walxaha dabiiciga ah ee isku dhafan) waxay ka koobnaan karaan heerarka oksijiintaGanesh iyo al., 2014). Sidaa darteed, ogsijiin iyo microbes aerobic waxaa loo qaadi karaa haddii kale biyaha anoksida, si ku meel gaar ah u ogolaanaya dheef-shiid kiimikaad aerobic in ay la socdaan qaybaha. Qaybaha waxaa loo yaqaanaa inay yihiin meelaha ugu kulul ee baaskiilka biochemical ee microbial (Simon iyo al., 2002;Ganesh iyo al., 2014waxayna taageeri kartaa isbarbardhigga anaerobic ama aerobic hababka microbial-ka ee aan lagu arkin gobolka nolol xorta ah (Alldredge iyo Cohen, 1987;Wright iyo al., 2012;Suter iyo al., 2018).
Daraasaddan hadda socota, waxaan ku baaraynaa bulshooyinka prokaryotic-ka ah ee ku jira xadka waqooyi ee ETNP's OMZ iyo arrimaha deegaanka ee laga yaabo inay saameeyaan qaybintooda toosan iyadoo la adeegsanayo 16S amplicon sequencing (iTags) oo ay weheliso tirokoobyo kala duwan. Waxaan baarnay laba jajab oo cabbir ah; Qaybta noolasha xorta ah (0.2-2.7 μm), iyo jajabka laxiriira qaybta (> 2.7 μm, qabashada qaybaha iyo sidoo kale unugyada protistan) ee qoto dheer oo badan oo weheliya oxycline oo u dhigma xaaladaha redox ee kala duwan.
Waxaan ku siin karnaa dareemeyaasha ogsijiinta ee kala diri oo leh cabbiro kala duwan, si diiradda molecular loola socon karo waqtiga dhabta ah. Ku soo dhawoow wada tashi
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