Bariga Kuleylaha Waqooyi Baasifigga (ETNP) waa aag oksijiin oo weyn, joogto ah, oo sii xoogaysanaya (OMZ) kaas oo ka dhigan ku dhawaad kala bar guud ahaan aagga OMZ-yada adduunka. Gudaha xudunta OMZ (qiyaastii 350–700 m qoto dheer), oksijiinta milmaysa badanaa waxay ku dhowdahay ama ka hooseysaa xadka ogaanshaha falanqaynta ee dareemayaasha casriga ah (qiyaastii 10 nM). Jaangooyooyinka oksijiinta ee qoto dheer ee ka sarreeya iyo ka hooseeya xudunta OMZ waxay horseedaan qaab-dhismeed toosan oo bulshooyinka microbial ah kuwaas oo sidoo kale ku kala duwan jajabyada cabbirka walxaha la xiriira (PA) iyo kuwa nolosha xorta ah (FL). Halkan, waxaan isticmaalnaa taxanaha amplicon 16S (iTags) si aan u falanqeyno kala duwanaanshaha iyo qaybinta dadka prokaryotic ee u dhexeeya jajabyada cabbirka FL iyo PA iyo noocyada xaaladaha redox ee deegaanka. Xaaladaha biyo-mareenka ee aaggayaga daraasadda waxay ka duwanaayeen kuwii hore loogu soo sheegay ETNP iyo OMZ-yada kale, sida ETSP. Fiirsashada oksijiinta raad-raaca (qiyaastii 0.35 μM) waxay ku jireen xudunta OMZ ee goobta muunad qaadashada. Sidaas darteed, ururinta nitrite ee sida caadiga ah looga soo warramo xudunta OMZ ma jirin sidoo kale taxanaha bakteeriyada anammox (Brocadiales genus).CandidatusScalindua), kuwaas oo si caadi ah looga helo xuduudaha oxic-anoksik ee nidaamyada kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybinta bakteeriyada ammonia-oksidhisa (AOB) iyo archaea (AOA) iyo heerarka ugu badan ee isku-darka kaarboonka autotrophic (1.4 μM C d–1) waxay la mid ahayd heerka ugu sarreeya ee amooniyamka oo ku dhow dusha sare ee xudunta OMZ. Intaa waxaa dheer, xubnaha hidde-sidahaNitrospina, clade bakteeriyada nitrite-oksaydhaynta (NOB) oo ah mid aad u badan ayaa jiray taasoo soo jeedinaysa in oksaydhka ammonia iyo nitrite labaduba ay ka dhacaan fiirsashada oksijiinta raadadka. Falanqaynta tijaabada isku midka ah (ANOSIM) iyo Cabbirka Cabbirka Aan Metric ahayn (nMDS) ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in matalaadaha phylogenetic-ka bakteeriyada iyo qadiimiga ah ay si weyn u kala duwan yihiin jajabyada cabbirka. Iyada oo lagu saleynayo astaamaha ANOSIM iyo iTag, halabuurka isku-darka PA waxaa saameyn yar ku yeeshay nidaamka bayoolojiga ee ku tiirsan qoto dheer marka loo eego jajabka FL. Iyada oo lagu saleynayo joogitaanka AOA, NOB iyo oksijiinta raadadka ee xudunta OMZ waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in nitrification uu yahay geedi socod firfircoon oo ku jira wareegga nitrogen ee gobolkan ETNP OMZ.
Hordhac
Iyada oo laga jawaabayo isbeddelka cimilada ee socda iyo hawlaha aadanaha ee maxalliga ah, heerarka oksijiinta milmay ayaa hoos u dhacayay badweynta furan iyo nidaamyada badda ee xeebaha (Breitburg iyo al., 2018). Khasaaraha oksijiinta ee ka dhashay badweynta furan 60-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa ka badan 2% (Schmidtko iyo kuwa kale, 2017), abuurista walaac ku saabsan cawaaqib xumada ka dhalan karta ballaarinta aagga oksijiinta oo yaraatay (Paulmier iyo Ruiz-Pino, 2009OMZ-yada badda furan waxay sameysmaan marka wax soo saarka sare ee dusha sare uu shidaal u yahay baahida oksijiinta bayoolojiga ee biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah oo ka sarreeya heerarka hawo-qaadashada jirka ee qoto dheer. Fiirsashada oksijiinta ee tiirarka biyaha OMZ waxay yeelan karaan jahooyin adag (oxycline) oo ka sarreeya iyo ka hooseeya xudunta oksijiinta ee ka go'day taasoo abuurta hypoxic (badanaa inta u dhaxaysa 2 iyo ~90 μM), suboxic (<2 μM) iyo anoxic (ka hooseeya xadka ogaanshaha (~10 nM) lakabyo cabbirro kala duwan (Bertagnolli iyo Stewart, 2018) Jaangooyooyinka oksijiinta waxay horseedaan qaab-dhismeed toosan oo bulshooyinka metazoan iyo microbial ah iyo hababka bayogeochemical ee ku teedsan oxyclines-kan ballaaran (Belmar iyo asxaabtiisa, 2011).
Qaar ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee luminta nitrogen ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay OMZs ee Bariga Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) iyo Koonfurta Baasifigga (ETSP) (Calbeck et al., 2017;Penn iyo al., 2019), oo si joogto ah loo kala qaybiyay Cariaco Basin (Montes et al., 2013), Badda Carabta (Ward et al., 2009), iyo OMZ ee nidaamka kor u qaadista Benguela (Kuypers iyo asxaabtiisa, 2005Nidaamyadan, hababka microbial ee denitrification-ka canonical (hoos u dhaca heterotrophic ee nitrate-ka ilaa dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha nitrogen iyo inta badan gaaska dinitrogen) iyo anammox (oksaydhka ammonium anaerobic) waxay horseedaan khasaarooyin nitrogen ah oo laga yaabo inay xaddidaan wax soo saarka aasaasiga ah (Ward et al., 2007Intaa waxaa dheer, qiiqa oksaydhka nitrous oksaydhka ee badweynta (gaas aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo awood leh) oo ka yimaada kala-soocidda microbial ee ka dhacda OMZs ayaa lagu qiyaasaa inay ugu yaraan saddex meelood meel ka mid ah qiiqa oksaydhka dabiiciga ah ee adduunka (Naqvi iyo al., 2010).
ETNP OMZ waa aag oksijiin oo weyn, joogto ah, oo sii xoogaysanaya kaas oo ka dhigan ku dhawaad kala bar guud ahaan bedka OMZ-yada adduunka, wuxuuna ku yaal inta u dhaxaysa 0-25°N lootitude iyo dhererka 75 iyo 180°W (Paulmier iyo Ruiz-Pino, 2009;Schmidtko iyo kuwa kale, 2017Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay muhiimaddooda deegaanka, bayoolojiga iyo kala duwanaanshaha microbial ee gobollada kala duwan ee ETNP OMZ ayaa si qoto dheer loo bartay (tusaale ahaan,Beman iyo Carolan, 2013;Duret et al., 2015;Ganesh iyo asxaabtiisa, 2015;Chronopoulou iyo kuwa kale, 2017;Xirmo iyo al., 2015;Peng iyo al., 2015). Daraasado hore ayaa sheegaya in oksijiinta milmaysa ee xudunta OMZ (qiyaastii 250–750 m qoto dheer) ay caadi ahaan u dhowdahay ama ka hoosayso xadka ogaanshaha falanqaynta (qiyaastii 10 nM) (Tiano iyo kuwa kale, 2014;Garcia-Robledo iyo kuwa kale, 2017Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhinaca waqooyi ee OMZ-ka ETNP (goobta daraasadda ~22°N) fiirsashada oksijiinta ee 500 m waxay gaari kartaa celcelis sannadeed u dhexeeya 10 iyo 20 μM (Paulmier iyo Ruiz-Pino, 2009; Xogta laga helay Atlas-ka Badweynta Adduunka 2013)1Intii lagu jiray ololaha goobta ee halkan lagu soo sheegay, waxaan cabbirnay oksijiinta xudunta OMZ marka la eego tiro ku filan (0.35 μM) si loo taageero hababka microbial-ka ee aerobic-ga, sida oksaydhka ammonium iyo nitrite, waxaanan qayb ahaan joojinay hababka microbial-ka ee muhiimka ah ee anaerobic-ga. Hawsha microbial-ka hawada sare ayaa hore looga helay lakabyo u muuqda kuwo aan firfircoonayn ama aan firfircoonayn oo ETNP OMZ ah (Peng iyo al., 2015;Garcia-Robledo iyo kuwa kale, 2017;Penn iyo al., 2019Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrimaha xakameynaya qaybinta iyo hawlaha kooxaha gaarka ah ee shaqeynaya ee noolaha yaryar ee ku jira OMZs weli si buuxda looma fahmin.
Joogitaanka nitrifiers halkaas oo oksijiin aan laga ogaan karin OMZ waxaa lagu sharxi karaa isbeddellada dhowaan ku yimid booska toosan ee oksijiinta sababtoo ah hawo-qaadashada oksijiinta toosan ee episodic, taas oo horseedi karta heerarka oksijiinta raad-raaca ee aan wakhti go'an lahayn ee gudaha xudunta OMZ (Muller-Karger et al., 2001;Ulloa iyo al., 2012;Garcia-Robledo iyo kuwa kale, 2017) Xaaladaha noocan oo kale ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah waxaa ka faa'iideysan kara dadka aerobic ama microaerophilic, oo ay ku jiraan nitrifiers. Intaa waxaa dheer, walxaha ka soo degaya epipelagic (unugyada isku dhafan, saxarada, iyo walxaha dabiiciga ah ee isku dhafan) waxay ku jiri karaan heerarka raadadka oksijiinta (Ganesh iyo asxaabtiisa, 2014Sidaas darteed, ogsijiinta iyo jeermiska aerobic-ga waxaa loo qaadi karaa biyaha kale ee aan oksaydhka lahayn, taasoo si ku meel gaar ah u oggolaanaysa dheef-shiid kiimikaadka aerobic-ga inay dhacaan iyadoo lala xiriirinayo walxaha. Walxaha waxaa loo yaqaanaa inay yihiin meelaha ugu badan ee wareegga bayoolojiga kiimikada ee microbial-ka (Simon iyo al., 2002;Ganesh iyo asxaabtiisa, 2014) waxayna taageeri kartaa hababka microbial ee isbarbardhigga anaerobic ama aerobic ee aan lagu arkin xaaladda nolosha xorta ah (Alldredge iyo Cohen, 1987;Wright et al., 2012;Suter et al., 2018).
Daraasaddan hadda socota, waxaan ku baarnaa bulshooyinka prokaryotic ee ku nool xuduudda waqooyi ee OMZ-ka ETNP iyo arrimaha deegaanka ee u badan tahay inay saameeyaan qaybintooda toosan iyagoo adeegsanaya taxanaha amplicon 16S (iTags) oo ay weheliso tirakoobyo badan oo kala duwan. Waxaan baarnay laba jajab oo cabbir ah; jajabka nolosha xorta ah (0.2–2.7 μm), iyo jajabka la xiriira walxaha (>2.7 μm, oo qabanaya walxaha iyo sidoo kale unugyada protistan) qoto dheer oo badan oo ku teedsan oxycline-ka oo u dhigma xaaladaha redox ee kala duwan.
Waxaan ku siin karnaa dareemayaasha oksijiinta ee milmay cabbirro kala duwan, si diiradda molecular-ka loola socdo waqtiga dhabta ah. Ku soo dhawoow la-tashiga.
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Waqtiga boostada: Luulyo-05-2024